Time-Varying Physician Productivity and Implications for Emergency Department Modeling and Staffing

Published in Manufacturing & Service Operations Management (forthcoming), 2026

We study physician productivity in emergency departments, which varies within shifts due to shift-based scheduling, and develop a time-varying multi-server queueing model for ED staffing.

Recommended citation: Huiyin Ouyang, Ran Liu and Zhankun Sun (2026). "Time-Varying Physician Productivity and Implications for Emergency Department Modeling and Staffing." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management (forthcoming).